Mental Lexicon Definition and Examples in English

Mental Lexicon Definition and Examples in English In psycholinguistics, a people disguised information on the properties of words. Otherwise called a psychological word reference. There are different meanings of mental dictionary. In their book The Mental Lexicon: Core Perspectives (2008), Gonia Jarema and Gary Libben endeavor this definition: The psychological vocabulary is the intellectual framework that establishes the limit with respect to cognizant and oblivious lexical action. The term mental dictionary was presented by R.C. Oldfield in the article Things, Words and the Brain (Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, v. 18, 1966). Models and Observations The way that a speaker can intellectually discover the word that he/she needs in under 200 milliseconds, and in specific cases, even before it is heard, is confirmation that the psychological dictionary is requested so as to encourage access and retrieval.(Pamela B. Faber and Ricardo Mairal Usã ³n, Constructing a Lexicon of English Verbs. Walter de Gruyter, 1999)The Dictionary Metaphor-What is this psychological word reference, or vocabulary, as? We can consider it as like a printed word reference, that is, as comprising of pairings of implications with sound portrayals. A printed word reference has recorded at every section a way to express the word and its definition as far as different words. Along these lines, the psychological vocabulary must speak to probably a few parts of the importance of the word, albeit clearly not similarly as does a printed word reference; moreover, it must incorporate data about the way to express the word albeit, once more, most likely not in a simila r structure as a conventional dictionary.(D. Fay and A. Cutler, Malapropisms and the Structure of the Mental Lexicon. Etymological Inquiry, 1977)- Theâ humanâ word-store is frequently alluded to as the psychological dictionaryâ or, maybe more ordinarily, as theâ mentalâ lexicon, to utilize the Greek word for word reference. There is, in any case, generally little comparability between the words in our brains and the words in book word references, despite the fact that the data will now and then cover. . . .[E]ven if the psychological vocabulary ends up being halfway sorted out as far as beginning sounds, the request will unquestionably not be direct in order. Different parts of the words sound structure, for example, its completion, its pressure design and the focused on vowel, are on the whole liable to assume a job in the plan of words in the mind.Furthermore, consider a discourse mistake, for example, The occupants of the vehicle were safe. where the speaker probably intende d to state travelers as opposed to occupants. Such errors show that, dissimilar to bookâ dictionaries, humanâ mental dictionariesâ cannot be sorted out exclusively based on sounds or spelling. Which means must be contemplated also, since people off and on again mistake words for comparative implications, as in Please give me the tin-opener when the speaker needs to separate a nut, so more likely than not implied nut-crackers.(Jean Aitchison, Words in the Mind: An Introduction to the Mental Lexicon. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003) An Australians Mental LexiconEven with hard yakka, youve got Buckleys of understanding this dinkum English sentence, except if youre an Aussie.An Australian has no trouble understanding the above sentence, while other English speakers may battle. The words yakka, Buckleys, and dinkum are in the jargon of most Australians, that is, they are put away as passages in the psychological vocabulary, and in this way an Australian approaches the implications of these words and can therefore grasp the sentence. On the off chance that one had no psychological vocabulary, correspondence through language would be precluded.(Marcus Taft, Reading and the Mental Lexicon. Brain science Press, 1991)

Negotiation Strategies and Theories free essay sample

The vast majority of us imagine arrangements as a type of contention where the result is commonly one champ and one washout (or winning and losing party/gathering). Since the two gatherings taking part in arrangements have something to accomplish, individuals will in general enter dealings accentuating result and additionally process objectives (Katz-Navon and Goldschmidt, 2009). Contrasts in status, force, and sexual orientation all assume exceptionally huge jobs (as a rule subliminally or unintentionally) and will be examined additionally broke down in this paper. As to some degree a disclaimer, the terms â€Å"individuals†, â€Å"groups†, or â€Å"parties† are frequently utilized reciprocally with no respect to the conditions on what number of individuals or substances are engaged with the exchange speculations to be examined. Exchange hypothesis is an interdisciplinary field that has been created by financial analysts, sociologists, and clinicians, and offers remedies for powerful arranging (Arvanitis and Karampatzos, 2011). Thoughtfully I would guess that like individual’s exchange methodology or style is a lot of like some other character characteristic in that it is innate, and minimal subject to change over the long haul. We will compose a custom article test on Exchange Strategies and Theories or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In any case, in particular, I have no psychological reservations to infer that exchange aptitudes and hypotheses can be learned and drilled to expand ones capacities and innate attributes. People whose essential spotlight is fixated on result based objectives, in light of their constrained eagerness or capacity to widen the view of their exchange procedure, would principally focus on the conclusive outcomes of the arrangement (Katz-Navon and Goldschmidt, 2009). I accept this technique has a gigantic measure of utility when you need to subliminally lead the contradicting gathering to accept this is your essential exchange procedure. Notwithstanding, I accept this secretive methodology to be successful just in the event that one enters the arrangement with the most force. At the point when people have more force than the restricted, they are less subject to their resistance and all the more effectively and liable to have the option to fulfill their own needs and wants (Malhotra and Gino, 2011). This personal circumstance based system can regularly raise moral clash on the off chance that one party’s objective contradicts the other, especially along the grounds of sexual orientation or socially based convictions or inclinations. There are a few systems wherein parties entering dealings off guard can use in endeavor to move the force and bearing of an exchange which will be talked about further in this paper. Counter to the result based technique recently talked about, parties who are all the more emphatically process-arranged will be able to define and send all the more relatively flexible methodologies that lead to an effective goals of the exchange (Katz-Navon and Goldschmidt, 2009). I accept that a dominant part of individuals would discover this methodology unmistakably more productive than the result based methodology. In the field of brain science, most of research has been centered around this dynamic viewpoint comprising an organized procedure between judicious gatherings (Arvanitis and Karampatzos, 2011). Despite the arrangement system utilized, its specialists can be dissected dependent on cognizant and subliminal trades of data (and endeavors to approve claims). Obstructions ENCOUNTERED Negotiating people depend on insights during the exchange procedure. Ordinarily, these perceptions are incorrect ones (I. e.heuristics, generalizations, and different inclinations) and fundamentally influence exchange results. Generalizations commutate a fixed mentality toward a social gathering which are brought to the cutting edge of commitment during arrangement meetings. Deterrents experienced regularly lead to a fixed-pie predisposition (Dweck and Leggett, 1988), constraining the extent of what each gathering will have the option to pick up or accomplish from the arrangement. Lamentably, a significant num ber of these insights are profoundly established in social clashes, bringing about comprehensions reflecting as character characteristics and individual convictions. For example, in Afghanistan we are moving in the direction of the unification and fortifying of the Afghan government, yet most of its populace are relate to one of various ancestral substances who have no feeling of nationality or solidarity with other inborn elements. The less gatherings comprehend about the restrictions of haggling range and fitting guidelines for understanding, the greater uncertainty there is in the arrangement circumstance (Bowles, Babcock, and McGinn, 2009). Lacking data by not leading legitimate research on the different parties(as well as their own) cutoff points and requirements creates vulnerabilities about what is feasible in the arrangement. Additionally, saw imbalances in status and force between arranging parties are brought into the main part of things when societies impact (more-so maybe than sex based issues to be talked about later). Approaches TO EXPAND THE PIE Both sides must enter exchanges accepting that a success win situation is conceivable. One of the principal barricades to extending the pie is entering the exchange tenacious that there is just one issue or issue that is up for conversation. A comparative situation restricting pie-extending abilities is the method of reasoning that the attention is on splitting the pie front as opposed to augmenting the pie before isolating it. These situations quite often bring about a success lose type situation. A characteristic counter to this situation is to carry extra issues into the exchange. Underneath the surface, it is in every case genuinely likely extra issues do exist which can be deliberately and painstakingly brought to the table. Bringing others or gatherings into exchanges may likewise extend the size of the haggling pie by including extra understanding or dealing power. Moreover, this assists with dodging one explanation arrangements flop by unbundling issues, or maintaining a strategic distance from contention over a solitary issue. Gatherings ought to set themselves up for dealings by tackling and planning approaches to use their capacity, in this manner expanding their hopefulness and impression of control during the arrangement (Malhotra and Gino, 2011). The individuals who enter arrangements concentrated on their absence of intensity (saw or genuine) will be progressively centered around expanding their capacity over the span of the exchange rather than being centered around increasingly helpful, comprehensive systems that are bound to bring about a success win situation. Moderators ought to participate in collaborations by communicating interest and worry with the perspectives of the contradicting party. This assists with guaranteeing that contradicting parties are more probable and ready to participate in future dealings and will be increasingly responsive. In the mean time, gatherings should flag their eagerness to share data about their own advantages also. This makes an undeniable oddity because of desires that the two gatherings be prospective and responsive, yet as in numerous if life’s fragile circumstances, uncovering an excessive amount of too early can put a gathering off guard. Barricades to growing the pie may inadvertently be set up when individuals or gatherings accept that their advantages are non-debatable or excessively isolated or far off from that of the restricting party, when truly, they are most certainly not. This is known as â€Å"false conflict† or â€Å"illusory struggle. † In request to evade this unavoidable disappointment, parties must abstain from making untimely concessions with respect to the next gathering. Like the standards contained in bogus clash, â€Å"fixed-pie perception† is where the different party’s interests are conversely identified with one’s own. At the end of the day, not exclusively are they excessively far off or isolated, however they are seen as being straightforwardly conversely with the present gatherings sees. Inventive METHODS TO CREATE ALTERNATIVES One of the most remarkable approaches to guide exchanges towards a progressively positive heading (principally when the other party is being uncooperative) is through a procedure of making numerous proposals of proportionate worth all the while. This produces options by broadening the proposal to maintain a strategic distance from consecutive declination of offers, frequently bringing about a â€Å"lose-lose† situation. Talk, as characterized by Aristotle, is the workforce of finding the potential methods for influence concerning any subject whatever (Arvanitis and Karampatzos, 2011). This can fill in as an integral asset for changing the structure and progess of dealings and help to reveal a portion of the hidden standards in the restricting parties’ arrangement structure. Aristotle proceeds to contend that: â€Å"That which is influential is powerful regarding somebody, and is enticing and persuading either immediately and in and without anyone else, or in light of the fact that it gives off an impression of being demonstrated by suggestions that are persuading. Talk won't think about what appears to be likely in every individual case, for example to Socrates or Hippias, yet that which appears to be plausible to either class of persons† (Arvanitis and Karampatzos, 2011). Moderators may even retreat to the utilization of feigning (or level out lying) so as to achieve their central goal. In a circumstance where one gathering has a (genuine, not saw) burden, they can render a compelling passionate impact by feigning. For example, they may endeavor to â€Å"throw-off† their more grounded resistance by amazing them with a bogus articulation that they have gotten a superior offer or have as of late discovered increasingly perfect intends to achieve their own closures. At the point when top notch, feigning can reverse the situation on the view of intensity over the span of an exchange. Notwithstanding, the feigning mediators need to have solid choices accessible, just as notice the need to not over-feign or feign too soon so they don't transmit a feeling of distress because of their ailing in status and force. Contrasts IN S

Local Motion

Local Motion INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in San Mateo in the Local Motion office. John, who are you and what do you do?John: Im John Stanfield and Im the CEO and co-founder of Local Motion, and we build technology for the car sharing industry.Martin: What did you do before you started this company?John: Its a great question. My first career was, I spent 12 years as a wild and forest fire fighter. So, after I finished my physics degree I didnt want to build bombs for the navy, so I continued doing what I did to put myself through school, and that turned into career. I exited that, came to the Bay Area, started a couple of companies, learned a lot about entrepreneurship, found myself at graduate school at Stanford, and thats where the idea for this company started out of my masters work in the mechanical engineering group and design group. I met my co-founder there and we started the company in 2010.Martin: And can you tell us a little bit more about the process, how you did come up with t his idea?John: Sure. So, originally we were looking at local mobility and how a third to half of all trips made by Americans are for less than 5 miles. And generally speaking, we do them in single occupancy, two to three thousand pound automobiles, and so my idea was to build a small, very efficient electric four-wheel vehicle, that was built from the ground up to be sharable, to occupy a lot of these local needs, and so we build a vehicle while I was at Stanford, got some attention, won a summer grant from Lightspeed ventures, studied the market, realized there was a big gaping hole in mobility that needed to be innovated in, and disrupted. And so I launched the company after meeting Clément Gires in 2010. We then raised some seed money, and we build a vehicle, and the idea was to sell it to places and not people, and be sharable from the ground up in its entirety of ethos of this vehicle would be a sharable asset. And what we learned in the process was that we could do much great er good and have much greater impact if we separate our ideas and became vehicle agnostic and stop trying to build cars because, I dont know if youre aware of this, but it takes a lot of money to start a car company. So, we separated the hardware and software that we needed to become vehicle agnostic, and thats what we have today, we install hardware in every vehicle that we deal with, we focus on large groups of assets and fleets, across the government agencies from federal to state and local, to university campuses and corporate campuses.Martin: Ok, great. And how did you get in touch with the first investors?John: Lets see. The first investors were visionary, angel investors, I would say. Were in the kind of the heart of entrepreneurship here in Silicon Valley. Through my Stanford network, I was put in touch with a great deal of entrepreneurs who had had success and are now angel investors, and the Lightspeed venture grant helped the great deal, so that expanded our network in Si licon Valley, and specifically on Sand Hill road. And so a few, as I call them, visionaries, believed in us and wrote us small checks, that allowed us to get started and really push our ideas forward. And without those visionaries, we wouldnt be here today.BUSINESS MODELMartin: John, lets talk about the business model. Can you briefly explain what your solution does and how it works technically, and then talk about the other components like what customers are you targeting, where are you using these technologies?John: Sure. So, I strongly believe that shared mobility can never succeed on a large-scale unless the experience from the users perspective at the door of the car, when theyre accessing that shared mobility. If that experience is better than owning a vehicle, than shared mobility will succeed, and until that day it wont expand in the dramatic way. And so the entirety of my company focuses on making that experience superior. And so what we do is we install hardware in every v ehicle that shows visually the status of that vehicle to the user. So now, when the user walks out to the group of vehicles, they can see, through an LED light, if the vehicle is available or not, and they just walk up with their corporate ID badge that lets them in the buildings or with their smart phone, touch on that reader, the doors unlocked, they get in and they drive away. Its that simple. So, you dont have to book your personal car. Its yours. So why would you need to book your shared car? So we give that on demand, real-time access to every vehicle. You can also step back and say ok, Im a planner, which about 3% of our current fleet rides are actually planned ahead of time, only about 3-5%, and you can go on our mobile app or on our web system, our web-based platform and book a ride ahead of time. And what we do is we take all that information and we analyze it in our own analytics engines and we give that information back to the fleet manager, so that they can make real de cision based on data. On how the ride size distributes, cut cost and increase utilization. And we just charge per vehicle that our system is installed in, right now basically we take the fleet size, we charge per vehicle and usually a 12 month subscription fee, and we dont charge for the hardware upfront. We actually maintain ownership of hardware, that way if we need to replace it we can.Martin: So, from my understanding, in Germany and Europe in general we have some kind of companies like BMW and Mercedes who are doing this kind of individual cars that you can rent via mobile platform etc. You are currently tied in fleets, like Sixt or something like that, and having them to manage the fleet more efficiently, so that dont you have to that much contact between their sales organization and their end customer. Can you tell us a little bit more about how it technically works, the product? And when does it get installed, who does it, how long does it take?John: So, lets just start with the market segment that you hit on. There are roughly 8 million vehicles in the US that are in fleets and that is a market that is very, very undeveloped for sharing. All these vehicles are intended to be shared across user groups, but the way they share them, still have a metal box on the wall with keys in it, or a few individuals that have the keys at their desk and they have a piece of paper when they sign these vehicles out. And so because of the barriers of using keys and having no real organization around the sharing of the assets, they dont get shared and they have far too many vehicles on their lots. We can walk in the door and from day 1 we can offer 20-30% savings across their fleet, just by helping them share and taking the keys out of the equation. So now, instead of the user having to go and find a set of car keys, they just walk to car and the access is at the door. So, really streamlining the use case is essential here.And then what we do technically is we plugin to the cars diagnostics port. That allows us to do two things: get power for a device and pull information from the car itself. When our device is powered up, we force the user to interact with it at the door so we know who it is. We are tracking all movement, so we know how they use the car. We know if theyre abusing the vehicles, we know if theyre driving, how theyre driving, we know where theyre going. So all the information is very important to the fleet manager, so that they can get a snapshot, a real, data driven snapshot of how the vehicles are being used and then make decisions based on that information, so they can, for example, if they see a portion of their fleet that never goes more than 40 miles, why wouldnt they replace that with electric vehicles. That is an efficiency gain, an utilization gain, and then through sharing it proper, proper scheduling, we can help push rides together into certain vehicles that are always going to the same place at the same time with the sam e people. So, really optimizing the entire operational process.Martin: So, would you say that your plan based on this kind of big data is also to provide other services like you said before, analyze on how the fleet is going, and maybe even optimizing insurance contracts based on user groups or car models, something like that?John: Exactly. So, what we do is right now we focus on our core model and then we will, as we grow, offer premium packages to people, so we can help them analyze fleets and slice it in whatever they want with the data that we have. And we will offer those as premium products, yes.Martin: How did you acquire and convince the first customer? Because I can imagine going to big fleet companies who have 500-1000 cars or so, and you are young startup. How did you convince them?John: Couple of things. One is, we were selling cars originally, when we were doing that, couple of the big Silicon Valley companies, such as Google and Apple, they were very interested in that local kind of show piece for mobility. So, Google was our very first customer, they wanted to buy cars. We were talking to them for long enough that when we went through our strong pivot, and removed the hardware and software to become vehicle agnostic, they saw the intelligence in that decision and they already have a fleet of 300-400 vehicles on their campus, and they said Great, lets just start using your devices in our cars. And so that started to progress, that was a great example for us, theyre a tremendous customers because they have a truly multi-model fleet, all the way from human-powered bicycles all the way to highway shuttles, big 60 passengers busses, and everything in between. Model S Teslas, Nissan Leaves, electric bikes, normal internal combustion vans. So were working across the subset of that fleet now and we hope to expand more. And what that did was give us something to point to and show how its working and data that we could pull and analyze and just show the b enefit of our platform. At one point, they were having trouble getting people to plug-in small electric vehicles on their campus, so we just communicated with the users and said Hey, could you please plug the car in when youre done?, and amazingly we went from 30% plugin rate to 90% plugin rate, just in a few weeks. So, proving to the Google that you can change user behavior in few weeks is magical, and taking that to the general population is very powerful.Martin: Currently, fleet management companies are having all the cares stored basically in one location, I assume because there is some kind of person who needs to check in the people and serve the cars, etc. With your technology, would you say that they can more distribute their cars over the city, because you, they dont need to have this kind of human interaction with the final customer?John: So, its an interesting conversation because right now the fleets are very distributed. There are a lot of use cases where there are one o r maybe 2 users per vehicle, and then you have a piece of the fleet that is very centralized, and they call that the motor pool. And so, what were trying to actually do is to take the entirety of the fleet, regardless of where its located, and put it in a centralized motor pool. So that no matter where you are, on the grounds in the city of San Francisco, for example, you as a user could access the vehicles that you have the right to access, with just your badge. And so, looking at it from kind of a geographically agnostic perspective, saying you have access to a centralized motor pool, regardless of where it is, is very powerful. And giving the managers the ability to restrict usage, because you dont want me driving in dump truck, right, I dont have the license or the ability. And so the people who can and are able to drive those high value assets they require licensing control, the manager can very easily manage that from his laptop or mobile phone. And so, the general population can have access to the general population of motor pool vehicles, you can do restrictions, etc, etc, and that is a centralized motor pool, but it may be distributed over a city or more, for a state or even a federal government.Martin: And the registration or validation of identity and all the properties of some of you final customers, how is it then done?John: So, in the states its all done around driving licenses. The beauty of working with fleets is that all that information checking is already done, because the company or the organization takes care of that, so we dont have to. What we do is, we come in and connect the dots between the services theyre already using. For example, most centralized fleets or fleet operators have service providers for maintenance or cleaning, that they already use. And what we do is we come in with our platform and we connect with those dots more efficiently. So, instead of having to fill out a piece of paper that says I need service on this vehicle at this day, and then someone having to go and find the keys, and taking it out of service for a week or two or three, so that they can schedule this maintenance, we give them the ability to push a button on their web interface that turns the light on the vehicle red, takes that vehicle out of service, sends the information and the geolocation of the vehicle to the service provider who can go straight to the car, with their service badge, unlock the doors, drive it to the shop fix and then put it back in service, and then the light turns back to green. So, really what we do is streamline all those operations, using the existing infrastructure that they already have and just connecting the dots very efficiently.CORPORATE STRATEGYMartin: John, lets talk about corporate strategy. What do you perceive the competitive advantage of your company?John: So, right now, to date, there havent been any of the connected car companies that had focused on the user side. So, we obsess about the user side, because, as I said, I really feel that in order to make this sharing economy work in the enterprise, you have to have a good user experience at the door. And so, for example, when you tap your badge on our device, it takes less than 2 seconds for the doors to unlock. Thats essential. Because if youre standing at the door for 2 minutes even, as a user, it feels like days, and people then dont trust the system, they refuse to use it, and go back to system where you might as well just be sharing keys. So, we obsess about that experience at the door. And then really the scheduling and the utilization increase is what we are pushing today, and like I said we take the auxiliary systems that theyre already using and connect them more efficiently. So, for us, we dont want to get down the road too deeply on the telematic side, so, for example DOT compliance, or long hold trucking optimization for fuel, stuff like that thats been done many, many times and its very crowded marketplace. Were focused really on the user experience and centralized motor pools for now, thats our core model. Were only 35 people so we have to pick an area thats right for disruption and thats it.Martin: Can you explain your go-to market strategy and your product strategy going forward?John: Sure. So, our go-to market strategy has always been focused on what were good at, and again, to reiterate is the user side. So, going forward we will just continually expend our product offering, looking at new technologies, looking at more interesting and simplified ways for users to gain access, through different sensor technology, through different near field communications, technology whether it NFC (Near field communication), Bluetooth, or RFID. Were just going to leverage what are users had already in their pocket. So we dont want to force them to use something new. And going forward we will start expanding more and more across other geographic areas, for example, we have an office in Paris, righ t now with 5 employees and were focused on European fleet market as well, so I feel that in a lot of ways, the European market is already primed and ready for the sharing economy, because theres a lot more use of mass transit, theres a lot more sense for sharing across large groups of high dollar assets. The car economy there is, the way that corporate executives have their own assigned cars is starting to change, people want to have more cash upfront but still options for mobility down the road, so thats screaming out for centralized motor pools. So, were very excited about the expansion across the Europe as well. And thats how well expand in the next 12 months.Martin: Can you explain your reasoning why you are internationalizing within the same business segment while not adding for other business segments, like individual cars, etc.?John: I feel its really essential to have a strong toehold on the user side and centralized motor pool and then expand out from there. My co-founder i s French, and so we had a very strong connection to talent in France, and we, like I said, we see the European market as very ripe, as well, so we wanted to get it toehold as soon as possible, and so we just took our exact same business model and expanded it into European market.MARKET DEVELOPMENTMartin: So, lets talk about the market development. I mean, youve learned a lot in the case of mobility. Can you give us some kind of trends that you identified, without talking about sharing economy, because you have shared some knowledge of that already?John: Sure, so, if I was speaking straight to, and I do very frequently, speaks straight to OEMs, and lot of the innovation experts here in Silicon Valley come to us and say What do we do to be competitive in the future? and I just look straight at them and say Sell mobility and stop selling so many cars. And thats a very tough thing to understand, from the perspective of someone selling cars, but really thats kind of the just of it. I fee l that, in the near future, the companies that make mobility valuable are the ones that will win and that innovative process will stand out as you make each ride or each minute in the car more valuable than having a car sitting on your driveway 85-90% of the time unused. So, really, sharing is the core of that and selling mobility is the way that this economy will expand on forward.Martin: Do you see that the American car share is changing somehow? Because when you are driving 101 or 85, almost every car is occupied by only 1 person, everybody has a super large car and theres some kind of, lets say, the streets are full of cars.John: Absolutely. But, there are also great trends right now for young people who are waiting longer and longer to get their driving license. So, for example, in my era, you went out on your 16th birthday, you get your driving permit and on 16 and a half you are in line to get your driving license, on the day you can get it. Now, kids are waiting until theyre 17, 18 to get their driving license, because they are treating mobility as they treat applications in mobile devices. They want everything on demand, right now at their fingertips. They dont want to have to deal with the responsibility and the cost of owning a vehicle, its painful these days. And so I think the models are shifting, right now the infrastructure isnt built, and so the Bay Area is a great example. We have the Caltrain, which in America is amazing, but if you go to any other country in the world, 40, I guess its a 30 year old train is kind of laughed at. So, its great because we have it here, but its also very limiting because thats all we have here. So, trends are happening now, which are changing that and of course it happens slowly, but were doing what we can now. And thats why were not waiting for the OEMs to put the hardware in the cars, were making it ourselves. If they would give us access through API to the hardware that existed in the cars it would simplify an d speed this up, but thats not going to happen for 5-10 years, so were doing it ourselves.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS In San Mateo, we meet CEO co-founder of Local Motion, John Stanfield. John shares his story how he co-founded this startup and how the current business model works, as well as what the current plans for near future, and some advice for young entrepreneurs.The transcript of the interview is included below.INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in San Mateo in the Local Motion office. John, who are you and what do you do?John: Im John Stanfield and Im the CEO and co-founder of Local Motion, and we build technology for the car sharing industry.Martin: What did you do before you started this company?John: Its a great question. My first career was, I spent 12 years as a wild and forest fire fighter. So, after I finished my physics degree I didnt want to build bombs for the navy, so I continued doing what I did to put myself through school, and that turned into career. I exited that, came to the Bay Area, started a couple of companies, learned a lot about entrepreneurship, found myself at g raduate school at Stanford, and thats where the idea for this company started out of my masters work in the mechanical engineering group and design group. I met my co-founder there and we started the company in 2010.Martin: And can you tell us a little bit more about the process, how you did come up with this idea?John: Sure. So, originally we were looking at local mobility and how a third to half of all trips made by Americans are for less than 5 miles. And generally speaking, we do them in single occupancy, two to three thousand pound automobiles, and so my idea was to build a small, very efficient electric four-wheel vehicle, that was built from the ground up to be sharable, to occupy a lot of these local needs, and so we build a vehicle while I was at Stanford, got some attention, won a summer grant from Lightspeed ventures, studied the market, realized there was a big gaping hole in mobility that needed to be innovated in, and disrupted. And so I launched the company after meet ing Clément Gires in 2010. We then raised some seed money, and we build a vehicle, and the idea was to sell it to places and not people, and be sharable from the ground up in its entirety of ethos of this vehicle would be a sharable asset. And what we learned in the process was that we could do much greater good and have much greater impact if we separate our ideas and became vehicle agnostic and stop trying to build cars because, I dont know if youre aware of this, but it takes a lot of money to start a car company. So, we separated the hardware and software that we needed to become vehicle agnostic, and thats what we have today, we install hardware in every vehicle that we deal with, we focus on large groups of assets and fleets, across the government agencies from federal to state and local, to university campuses and corporate campuses.Martin: Ok, great. And how did you get in touch with the first investors?John: Lets see. The first investors were visionary, angel investors, I would say. Were in the kind of the heart of entrepreneurship here in Silicon Valley. Through my Stanford network, I was put in touch with a great deal of entrepreneurs who had had success and are now angel investors, and the Lightspeed venture grant helped the great deal, so that expanded our network in Silicon Valley, and specifically on Sand Hill road. And so a few, as I call them, visionaries, believed in us and wrote us small checks, that allowed us to get started and really push our ideas forward. And without those visionaries, we wouldnt be here today.BUSINESS MODELMartin: John, lets talk about the business model. Can you briefly explain what your solution does and how it works technically, and then talk about the other components like what customers are you targeting, where are you using these technologies?John: Sure. So, I strongly believe that shared mobility can never succeed on a large-scale unless the experience from the users perspective at the door of the car, when the yre accessing that shared mobility. If that experience is better than owning a vehicle, than shared mobility will succeed, and until that day it wont expand in the dramatic way. And so the entirety of my company focuses on making that experience superior. And so what we do is we install hardware in every vehicle that shows visually the status of that vehicle to the user. So now, when the user walks out to the group of vehicles, they can see, through an LED light, if the vehicle is available or not, and they just walk up with their corporate ID badge that lets them in the buildings or with their smart phone, touch on that reader, the doors unlocked, they get in and they drive away. Its that simple. So, you dont have to book your personal car. Its yours. So why would you need to book your shared car? So we give that on demand, real-time access to every vehicle. You can also step back and say ok, Im a planner, which about 3% of our current fleet rides are actually planned ahead of time , only about 3-5%, and you can go on our mobile app or on our web system, our web-based platform and book a ride ahead of time. And what we do is we take all that information and we analyze it in our own analytics engines and we give that information back to the fleet manager, so that they can make real decision based on data. On how the ride size distributes, cut cost and increase utilization. And we just charge per vehicle that our system is installed in, right now basically we take the fleet size, we charge per vehicle and usually a 12 month subscription fee, and we dont charge for the hardware upfront. We actually maintain ownership of hardware, that way if we need to replace it we can.Martin: So, from my understanding, in Germany and Europe in general we have some kind of companies like BMW and Mercedes who are doing this kind of individual cars that you can rent via mobile platform etc. You are currently tied in fleets, like Sixt or something like that, and having them to mana ge the fleet more efficiently, so that dont you have to that much contact between their sales organization and their end customer. Can you tell us a little bit more about how it technically works, the product? And when does it get installed, who does it, how long does it take?John: So, lets just start with the market segment that you hit on. There are roughly 8 million vehicles in the US that are in fleets and that is a market that is very, very undeveloped for sharing. All these vehicles are intended to be shared across user groups, but the way they share them, still have a metal box on the wall with keys in it, or a few individuals that have the keys at their desk and they have a piece of paper when they sign these vehicles out. And so because of the barriers of using keys and having no real organization around the sharing of the assets, they dont get shared and they have far too many vehicles on their lots. We can walk in the door and from day 1 we can offer 20-30% savings across their fleet, just by helping them share and taking the keys out of the equation. So now, instead of the user having to go and find a set of car keys, they just walk to car and the access is at the door. So, really streamlining the use case is essential here.And then what we do technically is we plugin to the cars diagnostics port. That allows us to do two things: get power for a device and pull information from the car itself. When our device is powered up, we force the user to interact with it at the door so we know who it is. We are tracking all movement, so we know how they use the car. We know if theyre abusing the vehicles, we know if theyre driving, how theyre driving, we know where theyre going. So all the information is very important to the fleet manager, so that they can get a snapshot, a real, data driven snapshot of how the vehicles are being used and then make decisions based on that information, so they can, for example, if they see a portion of their fleet that never goes more than 40 miles, why wouldnt they replace that with electric vehicles. That is an efficiency gain, an utilization gain, and then through sharing it proper, proper scheduling, we can help push rides together into certain vehicles that are always going to the same place at the same time with the same people. So, really optimizing the entire operational process.Martin: So, would you say that your plan based on this kind of big data is also to provide other services like you said before, analyze on how the fleet is going, and maybe even optimizing insurance contracts based on user groups or car models, something like that?John: Exactly. So, what we do is right now we focus on our core model and then we will, as we grow, offer premium packages to people, so we can help them analyze fleets and slice it in whatever they want with the data that we have. And we will offer those as premium products, yes.Martin: How did you acquire and convince the first customer? Because I can imagin e going to big fleet companies who have 500-1000 cars or so, and you are young startup. How did you convince them?John: Couple of things. One is, we were selling cars originally, when we were doing that, couple of the big Silicon Valley companies, such as Google and Apple, they were very interested in that local kind of show piece for mobility. So, Google was our very first customer, they wanted to buy cars. We were talking to them for long enough that when we went through our strong pivot, and removed the hardware and software to become vehicle agnostic, they saw the intelligence in that decision and they already have a fleet of 300-400 vehicles on their campus, and they said Great, lets just start using your devices in our cars. And so that started to progress, that was a great example for us, theyre a tremendous customers because they have a truly multi-model fleet, all the way from human-powered bicycles all the way to highway shuttles, big 60 passengers busses, and everything i n between. Model S Teslas, Nissan Leaves, electric bikes, normal internal combustion vans. So were working across the subset of that fleet now and we hope to expand more. And what that did was give us something to point to and show how its working and data that we could pull and analyze and just show the benefit of our platform. At one point, they were having trouble getting people to plug-in small electric vehicles on their campus, so we just communicated with the users and said Hey, could you please plug the car in when youre done?, and amazingly we went from 30% plugin rate to 90% plugin rate, just in a few weeks. So, proving to the Google that you can change user behavior in few weeks is magical, and taking that to the general population is very powerful.Martin: Currently, fleet management companies are having all the cares stored basically in one location, I assume because there is some kind of person who needs to check in the people and serve the cars, etc. With your technolog y, would you say that they can more distribute their cars over the city, because you, they dont need to have this kind of human interaction with the final customer?John: So, its an interesting conversation because right now the fleets are very distributed. There are a lot of use cases where there are one or maybe 2 users per vehicle, and then you have a piece of the fleet that is very centralized, and they call that the motor pool. And so, what were trying to actually do is to take the entirety of the fleet, regardless of where its located, and put it in a centralized motor pool. So that no matter where you are, on the grounds in the city of San Francisco, for example, you as a user could access the vehicles that you have the right to access, with just your badge. And so, looking at it from kind of a geographically agnostic perspective, saying you have access to a centralized motor pool, regardless of where it is, is very powerful. And giving the managers the ability to restrict usa ge, because you dont want me driving in dump truck, right, I dont have the license or the ability. And so the people who can and are able to drive those high value assets they require licensing control, the manager can very easily manage that from his laptop or mobile phone. And so, the general population can have access to the general population of motor pool vehicles, you can do restrictions, etc, etc, and that is a centralized motor pool, but it may be distributed over a city or more, for a state or even a federal government.Martin: And the registration or validation of identity and all the properties of some of you final customers, how is it then done?John: So, in the states its all done around driving licenses. The beauty of working with fleets is that all that information checking is already done, because the company or the organization takes care of that, so we dont have to. What we do is, we come in and connect the dots between the services theyre already using. For example, most centralized fleets or fleet operators have service providers for maintenance or cleaning, that they already use. And what we do is we come in with our platform and we connect with those dots more efficiently. So, instead of having to fill out a piece of paper that says I need service on this vehicle at this day, and then someone having to go and find the keys, and taking it out of service for a week or two or three, so that they can schedule this maintenance, we give them the ability to push a button on their web interface that turns the light on the vehicle red, takes that vehicle out of service, sends the information and the geolocation of the vehicle to the service provider who can go straight to the car, with their service badge, unlock the doors, drive it to the shop fix and then put it back in service, and then the light turns back to green. So, really what we do is streamline all those operations, using the existing infrastructure that they already have and just connect ing the dots very efficiently.CORPORATE STRATEGYMartin: John, lets talk about corporate strategy. What do you perceive the competitive advantage of your company?John: So, right now, to date, there havent been any of the connected car companies that had focused on the user side. So, we obsess about the user side, because, as I said, I really feel that in order to make this sharing economy work in the enterprise, you have to have a good user experience at the door. And so, for example, when you tap your badge on our device, it takes less than 2 seconds for the doors to unlock. Thats essential. Because if youre standing at the door for 2 minutes even, as a user, it feels like days, and people then dont trust the system, they refuse to use it, and go back to system where you might as well just be sharing keys. So, we obsess about that experience at the door. And then really the scheduling and the utilization increase is what we are pushing today, and like I said we take the auxiliary sy stems that theyre already using and connect them more efficiently. So, for us, we dont want to get down the road too deeply on the telematic side, so, for example DOT compliance, or long hold trucking optimization for fuel, stuff like that thats been done many, many times and its very crowded marketplace. Were focused really on the user experience and centralized motor pools for now, thats our core model. Were only 35 people so we have to pick an area thats right for disruption and thats it.Martin: Can you explain your go-to market strategy and your product strategy going forward?John: Sure. So, our go-to market strategy has always been focused on what were good at, and again, to reiterate is the user side. So, going forward we will just continually expend our product offering, looking at new technologies, looking at more interesting and simplified ways for users to gain access, through different sensor technology, through different near field communications, technology whether it N FC (Near field communication), Bluetooth, or RFID. Were just going to leverage what are users had already in their pocket. So we dont want to force them to use something new. And going forward we will start expanding more and more across other geographic areas, for example, we have an office in Paris, right now with 5 employees and were focused on European fleet market as well, so I feel that in a lot of ways, the European market is already primed and ready for the sharing economy, because theres a lot more use of mass transit, theres a lot more sense for sharing across large groups of high dollar assets. The car economy there is, the way that corporate executives have their own assigned cars is starting to change, people want to have more cash upfront but still options for mobility down the road, so thats screaming out for centralized motor pools. So, were very excited about the expansion across the Europe as well. And thats how well expand in the next 12 months.Martin: Can you exp lain your reasoning why you are internationalizing within the same business segment while not adding for other business segments, like individual cars, etc.?John: I feel its really essential to have a strong toehold on the user side and centralized motor pool and then expand out from there. My co-founder is French, and so we had a very strong connection to talent in France, and we, like I said, we see the European market as very ripe, as well, so we wanted to get it toehold as soon as possible, and so we just took our exact same business model and expanded it into European market.MARKET DEVELOPMENTMartin: So, lets talk about the market development. I mean, youve learned a lot in the case of mobility. Can you give us some kind of trends that you identified, without talking about sharing economy, because you have shared some knowledge of that already?John: Sure, so, if I was speaking straight to, and I do very frequently, speaks straight to OEMs, and lot of the innovation experts here in Silicon Valley come to us and say What do we do to be competitive in the future? and I just look straight at them and say Sell mobility and stop selling so many cars. And thats a very tough thing to understand, from the perspective of someone selling cars, but really thats kind of the just of it. I feel that, in the near future, the companies that make mobility valuable are the ones that will win and that innovative process will stand out as you make each ride or each minute in the car more valuable than having a car sitting on your driveway 85-90% of the time unused. So, really, sharing is the core of that and selling mobility is the way that this economy will expand on forward.Martin: Do you see that the American car share is changing somehow? Because when you are driving 101 or 85, almost every car is occupied by only 1 person, everybody has a super large car and theres some kind of, lets say, the streets are full of cars.John: Absolutely. But, there are also great trends rig ht now for young people who are waiting longer and longer to get their driving license. So, for example, in my era, you went out on your 16th birthday, you get your driving permit and on 16 and a half you are in line to get your driving license, on the day you can get it. Now, kids are waiting until theyre 17, 18 to get their driving license, because they are treating mobility as they treat applications in mobile devices. They want everything on demand, right now at their fingertips. They dont want to have to deal with the responsibility and the cost of owning a vehicle, its painful these days. And so I think the models are shifting, right now the infrastructure isnt built, and so the Bay Area is a great example. We have the Caltrain, which in America is amazing, but if you go to any other country in the world, 40, I guess its a 30 year old train is kind of laughed at. So, its great because we have it here, but its also very limiting because thats all we have here. So, trends are ha ppening now, which are changing that and of course it happens slowly, but were doing what we can now. And thats why were not waiting for the OEMs to put the hardware in the cars, were making it ourselves. If they would give us access through API to the hardware that existed in the cars it would simplify and speed this up, but thats not going to happen for 5-10 years, so were doing it ourselves.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURSMartin: Over the last years, what have been your major learnings that you can share with other first time entrepreneurs?John: I think one of the biggest learnings that we had in early days is first of all, dont be too attracted to your first business model, because its going to change. And second, find your product market fit, and go out and get customers.So, I think one of the mistakes that entrepreneurs make, and I was very close to making this mistake, which is a fatal mistake for your company, is getting to wrapped up around what your first idea is. In my mind, the d efinition of a startup is an entity that can pivot their business model until they find something that sticks. Something thats needed in the market right now, something that you can sell to customers regardless of your size. And we were able to find that and sell that and gain revenue with our early prototypes, and weve done that now for three years. Weve been able to gain revenue and push our vehicle ideas and our entrepreneurial ideas into the marketplace while gaining revenue and testing our devices. And now we have a product thats scalable and ready to go and we just started hiring sales people. So, we focused on products, we focused on product market fit, weve been around since 2010 and weve just started hiring sales people three months ago. So, we obsessed about the product, we obsessed about how to make that product work in the marketplace, and found our niche and landed and now were expanding. So, really finding that product market fit and knowing that people want it and are willing to pay for it is essential.Martin: And what advice can you give somebody who is thinking about a product based company and then is thinking about how should he develop his product? Is there any kind of recipe that you can provide?John: I think simplification is the key. Were great example. Im mechanical engineer and can build a car, but that doesnt mean you should. Really take the idea and strip it down and try to understand fundamentally why youre doing what youre doing. Having a vision for solving problems in mobility and jumping to what youre good at is a way to get great ideas. But again, being fluid with how those ideas flow around the problem and finding the area of least resistance for your product to get into the market is the key.Martin: Great. John, thank you very much for your time.John: Youre welcome.Martin: And the next time you are starting your company focus on the simplicity of your product, and not make it over complex. Thank you very much.

Keeping the movie ‘A Beautiful Mind’ in mind, the...

Keeping the movie ‘A Beautiful Mind’ in mind, the following is a psychological analysis on John Nash ,the main character of the movie who is also a victim of Paranoid Schizophrenia .It also aims at analyzing the effect it had on the people around him. Schizophrenia has been defined as â€Å"split mind†. It refers not to a multiple personality split but rather to a split from reality that shows itself in disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions†. In the movie ,Nash was diagnosed with the symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia. Paranoid schizophrenia also called schizophrenia, paranoid type is a sub-type of schizophrenia, it is when being preoccupied with delusions or hallucinations, generally with cases†¦show more content†¦This delusion also made him think that the physiatrist was a Russian agent. o Grandeur delusion – this makes Nash believe that he possess some superior quality of being the ‘Best Natural Code Breaker’. †¢ Auditory Hallucinations – Basically Nash could hear voices that were not really present. He could hear the voice of Charles , Charles nephew and William talking to him or to each other, the voice of a babies laughter and even the ‘bang’ of the gun .People would think that he is talking to himself because according to him the voices were real. These voices sometimes influenced him to act in a certain way(Charles giving advices to go outside to find the answer or advices about marriage) ,sometimes criticized what he was doing (like the part when John started ignoring Charles and the nephew ,so Charles started criticizing him that what he is doing is wrong) .And sometimes these voices also ask you to harm someone( the part when William ask Nash to harm Alicia ,Johns wife.) †¢ Anxiety , Anger, Self-importance – He used to get scared and worried whenever he would see men wearing black or having black car. He also got angry onShow MoreRelatedA Brief Analysis on Sexism in English5522 Words   |  23 PagesA Brief Analysis on Sexism in English Abstract Sexism is engrained in the language people speak all over the world. English, one of the most popular languages in the world is no exception. 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Trading at national and international level is impossible without advertising * AssistsRead MoreLanguage of Advertising20371 Words   |  82 PagesStyle†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.60 3. Newspaper Style†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.60 4. Scientific Prose Style†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦60 5. The style of official documents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦60 Chapter XI. Psychology and Advertising†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.62 1. 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Autocratic Leadership Style - 615 Words

When brought up in a conversation, people ask what is the difference between a leader and a boss? According to Theodore Roosevelt the author of Leader and the Boss, â€Å"The leader works in the open, and the boss in covert. The leader leads, and the boss drives† (Leadership,). This leadership quote exemplifies a profound perception between someone who leads and someone whose authority merely comes from their position. The â€Å"boss† has the ability to empower and to fire others. On the contrary, a truly a leader does not maneuvers his authority to enforce rules to his own benefit. They much rather lead than drive those they are responsible for. With that being said, an autocratic leadership style is an authoritarianism, where only one person†¦show more content†¦Work Cited Hunter, T. (n.d.). ehow. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/facts_5003230_definition-autocratic-leadership-style.html Leadership. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://leadership.w9z.org/leader-and-the-boss/ autocratic, L. (n.d.). Money-zine.com. Retrieved fromShow MoreRelatedLeadership Styles Of Autocratic Leadership Style Essay997 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most effective leadership style, which can bring the best profit and suit all organizations, in the world. Same to autocratic leadership and democratic leadership styles, they have contrastive characteristics and respective benefits and drawbacks so that they will do positive effects only be utilized right way in suitable condition. When strong control is needed, the autocratic leadership style can be used in this situation where there is no space for error. And autocratic leaders can preventRead MoreAdvantages Of Autocratic Leadership Style876 Words   |  4 PagesAutocratic is getting things done above anything, and relationships are not important. These type of managers have control over all decisions. The majority of the time autocratic leaders do not accept ideas or advice from others. Managers with autocratic leadership style are controlling and bossy. As a result, these managers treat employees as machines that are needed to get work done. Their interest and goals is above all things. Autocratic leaders provide employees with instructions and expectRead MoreAutocratic And Participative Leadership Styles1285 Words   |  6 PagesAutocratic and Participative Leadership Leadership styles have significant effects on organizations. For instance, it influences organizational culture and determines how leaders address conflict. Ultimately, it impacts organizational performance. Consequently, leaders must adapt their approach to achieve the desired outcome. Therefore, it is imperative leaders understand and can implement a variety of leadership styles. 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He or she has no time for deliberations on others ideas before chosing one. In autocracy, time wasting in long deliberations is reduced but most followers will not like being treated as bench warmers without having anything to contribute. For leading unskilled workersRead MoreAutocratic And Democratic Leadership Style883 Words   |  4 Pages(Obiajunwa, 2013). This means project managers may not have the right leadership style or set of skills to effectively manage and complete projects on time. Northhouse (2007) explained three leadership styles authoritarian, democratic and laissez-fair and their influences in his book Introduction to Leadership. Of those three I chose authoritarian and democratic for my research question. Is the authoritarian or democratic leadership style more effective for co mpleting large-scale maintenance projects onRead MoreThe Leadership Style Of Laissez Faire, Democratic, And Autocratic Leadership1367 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Leadership is a quality that every nurse can possess. Though, it takes the qualities of vision, passion, integrity, and empowerment to make an excellent nurse leader (Kelly Tazbir, 2014). Anyone can be a leader (Stonehouse, 2011). If you tell that statement to a brand new nurse, she will likely tell you she will not be a leader because she is unsure of her skills. It is important to recognize this and know that leadership evolves with education. The styles of laissez faire, democraticRead MoreCompare and Contrast Autocratic and Democratic Leadership Styles910 Words   |  4 PagesAutocratic leadership is a classical leadership style with the following characteristics: manager seeks to make as many decisions as possible, manager seeks to have the most authority and control in decision making, manager seeks to retain responsibility rather than utilise complete delegation , consultation with other colleagues in minimal and decision making becomes a solitary process managers are less c oncerned with investing their own leadership development, and prefer to simply work on the taskRead MoreAutocratic Leadership Style. Introduction. Each Individual1195 Words   |  5 PagesAutocratic Leadership Style Introduction Each individual brings their own unique perspective to leadership roles, making leadership styles as varied as the individuals who implement their practice. Varied socio-economic, ethic, and religious backgrounds, as well as a myriad of other variables, lead to an infinitely diverse and unique combination of opinions, beliefs, convictions, which mold the behavioral principles shaping each individual. Certainly, adding to this mix, are the judgements individualsRead MoreLeadership Styles : Autocratic, Bureaucratic, And Laissez Faire Essay900 Words   |  4 PagesThere are three main leadership styles: Autocratic, Bureaucratic, and Laissez-faire. Autocratic, otherwise known as Authoritarian, leadership styles assume that employees are externally motivated and incapable of making external decisions. Therefore, orders are given out specifically with clear expectations and deadlines. In this leadership style the leader has the final say in the project (Finkleman, 2012). Democratic Leaders are less productive then authoritarian leaders; however, they tend to

Behavioral science Free Essays

Family violence is used to refer to the many forms of abuse or mistreatment or neglect that adults or children face within the family setting. Lately more focus is put on the groups that are victimized. Child abuse and spousal abuse are most emphasized areas. We will write a custom essay sample on Behavioral science or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is not definite how family violence is widespread as in most cases it remains untold. Spousal abuse is a major type of family violence. It entails any form of maltreatment of a woman or a man by their partners. There are different forms of spousal abuse and they include physical abuse, which includes any physical force meted on the person, sexual abuse which could be inform of degrading where one can withhold finances required for necessities, stealing or using fraudulent means to take the partners finances. Spiritual abuse can also be used whereby one is denied the freedom of worship or engaging in spiritual or religious activities. Most causes of spousal abuse go unreported, as partners are less willing to see the abusers punished. Most believe that using the criminal justice system will not suffice. They also fail to trust that the system will protect them. Males and females get the same exposure to spousal abuse. Males are less likely to report their condition than females. The consequences of spousal abuse affect the physical, mental health and emotional aspects one’s self esteem is reduced and their self-efficacy and worth consequently declines. Spousal abuse affects children growth in the homes where it occurs. It instills fear and hinders their reasoning ability. Spousal abuse can ensure a circular link whereby those who are abused maintain the cycle. Death for the abused person is the ultimate solution of those who are abused. Abused spouses undergo extra costs in terms of medical and health costs. Partners used in the process of ensuring the reduction of spousal abuse include lawyers, psychologists, police, social workers and those who work with battered spouses. These parties work incorporation with the government of the day to ensure that family violence comes to a stop. A major government role in ensuring that this aim is reached is to strengthen the criminal system so that people shy away from committing such claims for fear of the punishment. Ways of enforcing the government is increasing the penalties and ensuring privacy and confidentiality of those who report violent cases. (Holden, pp320) To tackle spousal abuse the victims need to report the acts. The police tact is required so that justice prevails when responsible abusers are arrested. Police protection will ensure that abused people come and report their cases with a tactful police force. Justice will prevail when they are arrested and taken to authorities. Public education will be a necessary step to ensure that spousal abuse is addressed. It sensitizes the public about their rights and how they can fight exploitation by their spouses. Organizations dealing with battered spouses will help them heal from the wounds caused by the abuse. Dissemination of information about people’s right and access to services that facilitate reduced abuse can be through publications. The governments of respective countries should increase their funding to projects that are geared towards eradication of family violence especially spousal abuse. (http://www. justice. gc. ca/en/ps/fm/spouseafs. html). The police ensure that the country abides the laws of the day. They allow promotion of respect for the rights and freedoms. Live free is an organization that deals with battered spouses. It acknowledges the importance of awareness in preventing and reducing family violence especially spousal abuse. It helps members of society understand the causes of the abuse and the forms by which it occurs. It also gives people a clear picture of the effects of family violence to the society at large. It sensitizes people of how the abuse can be stopped. It assists victims understand how denial and isolation promotes the vice. The organization harbors victims of spousal abuse where it offers the basic needs and counseling services. Those who undergo their program are changed by it eventually. Their perception about abuse and their rights enable the halting of such abuse. It ensures support and safety for the victims and instills in the minds of ‘survivors’ that only them are accountable for stopping their violence. Inside the organization, social network groups are formed and through sharing experiences protection of members is sustained. (Tan et al, pp444) Inadequate resources to fund the projects are a major challenge for the organization. The demand or needs of their services are increasing overwhelming and this hinders their efficiency. Battered immigrant women face challenges in seeking their services. Language barriers, fear of deportation and mistrust of the government hinder them from accessing ‘Live Free’ services. It has succeeded in offering shelter for the abused spouses in society. It gives them a new lease of life where they are able to understand and end abuse. This is done through informative presentations or skills performed before officials like law enforcement and service providers. The organization uses art, music and fun in promoting awareness about family violence. It offers training for leaders to equip them with information and skills geared towards eradicating family violence. It has succeeded in ensuring people’s perception has changed. The judicial system has incorporated some guidelines aired by Live Free organization. It has also promoted leadership and empowerment development. Another problem faced is that some members in society may be unwilling to accept the organizations point of view. The police are influential in a country’s legal institutional context. Police intervention on family violence is highly dependent on the people’s willingness to report the matters to them. The society determines what is crime and people will report family violence to the police if they consider it a crime. Police efforts of combating spousal abuse are negatively affected by women’s attitudes. Sometimes women are ashamed of reporting incidences of violence. At other times they fear what will befall them after authorities handle their abusers. Fear of own victimization will hinder a woman from reporting a rape incidence. There is a high tendency of women understanding of violence and they try to justify their husband’s actions. Notions used to justify violence against them include jealously, alcohol influence or hardships like unemployment or stressful work. (E. G et al, pp320) The police have succeeded in rescuing victims of spousal abuse who almost got killed. These incidences give the police joy as they save lives. The core purpose of the police in handling this problem is arresting culprits and ensuring justice always prevails. They offer investigative services here they investigate cases of spousal abuse that have been reported to them. They also provide legal services where by the process of obtaining emergency or long-term protection for those who report cases to them are provided. This approach is very important in ensuring that other cases are reported. Those who shy away from reporting cases for fear of the abuser can now report their cases. The police also offer social services where counseling services are offered for the victims. The counselors are the first people to handle victims of abuse. They assess the problems of the victims to establish how they will be assisted. They aim to increase batterer accountability, empower the survivors to lead violent free lives and ensures society have zero tolerance of family violence. (Brinkerhoff et al, pp26) The police advice victims that they will lay charges if their thorough investigation demands for it. They provide information of services they provide. They obtain statements, and gather evidence at the scene of said abuse. They remain until the clouds are clear or there are no threats to the victim. Reduction of federal government funding would negatively affect the services offered by the police. Perception that spousal abuse is a private matter also limits the number of people reporting the issue. Success of the police in handling these services can be assessed by the reduction in violence overtime. (Burris et al,pp315) Ties of the offenders like economic ties, emotional ties and other shared memories make some spouses forfeit charges that could have see the abuse come to an end. Arresting offenders against the victim’s wishes hinders effective eradication of family violence. Arrests have not been very successful in promoting behavior change. Not all abusers who are arrested change their behavior. Up to date the police still use the approaches they used before. Those who abuse their spouses are arrested and charged. The police face the challenge of risking their when investigating these cases. The people they are attempting to arrest can harm them. If the police force and the organizations dealing with battered spouses worked without hindrances like limited funds then they would be able to fulfill the needs of the victims of spousal abuse. The frustration faced by the police and organizations trying to help the abused spouses in society include the bureaucratic long procedures that hinder effective counteracting of abuse. Unwilling victims also contribute to inefficiency in the police will to combat spousal abuse. The police find joy when they help save victims of abuse from their abusers. Fear to approach the police also frustrates the police as it hinders their efficiency in promoting productive services. Dropping charges by the victims also frustrates the efforts by the police to fight spousal abuse. Officers agree that arresting offenders is not the sole way of eradicating or solving, spousal problem. Police are also accused of not responding quickly especially if according to their judgment the person seeking for helping is not very desperate. Reference: Hattendorf, J. , Tollerud, T. R. Domestic Violence: Counseling Strategies That Minimize the Impact of Secondary Victimization. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 1997, pp14-23 Sherman, L. W. , Schmidt, J. D. , Rogan, D. P. , Smith, D. A. , Gartin, P. R. , Cohn, E. G. , Collins, D. J. , Bacich, A. R. The variable effects of arrest on criminal careers: The Milwaukee domestic violence experiment. The Journal of Criminal Law Criminology, 1992, 83, pp137-169. Brinkerhoff, M. B. , Grandin, E. , Lupri, E. Religious involvement and spousal violence: The Canadian case Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 1992, 31, pp15-31. Holden, G. Ritchie, K. Linking extreme marital discord, child rearing, and child behavior problems: Evidence from battered women. Child Development, 1991, 62, pp 311-327. Family violence Initiative. Spousal Abuse. A fact Sheet from Department of Justice Canada. 2006. Retrieved on 19th October 2007 from (http://www. justice. gc. ca/en/ps/fm/spouseafs. html). Tan, C. , Basta, J. , Sullivan, C. M. , Davidson II, W. S. The Role of Social Support in the Lives of Women Exiting Domestic Violence Shelters Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1995, pp 437-451 Burris, C. A. , Jaffe, P. Wife abuse as a crime: The impact of police laying charges. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 1983, 25, 309-318 Spanking a child is abusive. It has been found out that in the long term it may produce adverse effects to the child. Children who start being spanked at an early age end up adapting anti-social behavior like disobedience at school and deliberate breaking of things. Levels of anti-social behavior of children who don’t get spanked were lower. The common saying ‘spare the child spoil the rod’ has been internalized in people’s mind but this has proved to have reverse effects. Spanking children has been going on for a long time with approximately 90% of parents in U. S spanking their children. Most parents regardless of their cultures spank their children occasionally. Most experts have divergent ideas as to whether it should be used but at some circumstances and that it should be done sparingly. Spanking is a way of enforcing limits to children especially when they are incontrollable and at a delicate age. Again, spanking may act as a means to warn them of activities that may be harmful to them option. Spanking is done more to boys than girls and it declines with age. Fathers are less likely to spank their older daughters while blacks and single wome How to cite Behavioral science, Papers Behavioral Science Free Essays The article â€Å"Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Early Parental Employment on Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth†, Elizabeth Harvey continues the exploration of an enduringly contentious subject. She walks us through findings reported by six different studies. The researchers performing those studies based their findings on the same data set taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). We will write a custom essay sample on Behavioral Science or any similar topic only for you Order Now Elizabeth made reference throughout the article of the widely differing results these six studies presented. No one study agreed in whole with any of the others. Elizabeth attributed this to the fact that the data taken was widely varied and the approaches were also diverse. She took these studies into account and proceeded to perform her own investigation. In her analysis, Elizabeth was able to incorporate inconsistencies found in previous studies and was also able to use more recent data to validate or void these results. Using factors such as income, age, IQ and hours worked in a day brought no conclusive figures. Elizabeth was only able to come up with slight variations and consistencies. Two of the more prominent results were: 1) â€Å"Early parental employment appeared to be somewhat more beneficial for single mothers and lower income families. † And 2) â€Å"There was some support for the hypothesis that early parental employment positively affects children’s development by increasing family income. † If a broad view is taken of these studies, children are not any more or less likely to develop negative or positive traits based on whether their parents employment status. Children have rarely been well defined by statistics. While this study certainly has its merits, specific details not included would make it difficult to attach mental and cognitive development to parental use of day care. One such detail was suggested in the article. The quality of care provided would most certainly have an impact on any child’s development. A nurturing environment would allow a child to flourish and be successful while a hostile atmosphere would produce opposite results. Another factor would be the involvement of the parents in the child’s development. If a child is in attendance at day care all day and comes home to a parent who is attentive and interactive in a positive way, there is a better chance that child will know mental and cognitive advancement. A third factor addressed generally in the article deals with the age of the child when they enter into a day care situation. It is widely known infants go through an attachment phase through their first year of life. After the successful completion of this phase, infants are more prepared to enter into social settings when they are older. On the same note, children who are enrolled after their second or third year are better equipped to handle adjusting to time away from their parents as well as interacting with other children their same age. Discoveries made through this existing data offer insight to parents and care givers alike. Making information like this available permits them to make the best decision possible for their families, loved ones and for themselves. While many of the facts are still imprecise, further research will produce additional insights. Works Cited Harvey, Elizabeth. â€Å"Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Early Parental Employment on Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. † Developmental Psychology 35. 2 (1999): 445-459. How to cite Behavioral Science, Papers

Logic Of Logic Essay Research Paper Logic free essay sample

Logic Of Logic Essay, Research Paper Logic Trial 1.The most obvious unscientific theory that I can believe of today, would be faith. Religion is perchance one of the biggest influences in our lives, and there is no scientific manner to even turn out that it exists. I asked a few friends of mine, who are spiritual, why they believe in a God. The first that I asked hemmed and hawed and when I eventually had to endanger him to ptyalize out an reply, he said, ? I don? T know. ? The following individual I asked answered a little more intelligently by stating, ? I merely wear? t believe that we all came here without any Godhead aid. I don? t believe in the Big Bang theory, and believing in God fills in a batch of spreads for me. ? None of the people I spoke with tantrum this following class, but I believe that there is one last group of people who pattern faith. We will write a custom essay sample on Logic Of Logic Essay Research Paper Logic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These people pattern it because they truly believe in God, and many claim to be able to? experience? him. I am non stating any of these people are right or incorrect, but I can state that none of them can turn out there is a God. This belief is non through empirical observation verifiable, nor is it testable. The first group who pattern faith merely because it is the socially expedient thing to make, make non worry about warranting whether or non there is a God. He merely knows that he is expected to demo up in church on Sunday. The 2nd group who believes in faith over the Big Bang theory, or look to religion for replies that Science can non reply yet aren? t any closer. They see two possibilities for how we got here. There is the Big Bang theory, or this God thing. They truly wear? t believe in the Big Bang theory, so that must intend the other alternate, God, must be right. The last group that truly believes in God has no cogent evidence either. They say, ? I feel God with me! ? H ow do they know that it is in fact God that they are experiencing. Possibly their tiffin didn? T set good with them. They feel something, wear? T know precisely what it is, and come to presume that it is God. 2.This following illustration of an unscientific system is one that is no longer adept, but it is a perfect illustration of the ignorance of worlds and their willingness to encompass anything that will do them experience superior. Back in Mid evil times, people would fire adult females at the interest who had different thoughts so the social norm. They would name these adult females enchantresss. How does one turn out another a enchantress? In this clip period, any adult female found believing otherwise from society, would be branded a enchantress and burned at the interest. By these criterions how many adult female today would be enchantresss. I think far more so I can conceive of. It is amusing, about amusing seeking to conceive of the mentality of the people who did these things long ago. I can merely see person thought, ? Ok, so, she? s non like me, she? s non like everyone else? .so, that must do her different. Ok, so if she? s different from me, and I? m normal, what could she be. She must be a Enchantress! ! ! ! ? Once once more there is no empirical grounds turn outing her a enchantress, and there is no manner they could turn out her a enchantress. Some tried to turn out it by making trials, like throwing the? enchantress? into a lake and if she doesn? t attempt to swim she isn? t a enchantress, and if she tries to swim to remain alive, she is a enchantress. It is downright screaming. There is no existent manner to prove if she is a enchantress. This was merely societies really unscientific system of weeding out people who did non suit their norms. Logic Trial 1.The most obvious unscientific theory that I can believe of today, would be faith. Religion is perchance one of the biggest influences in our lives, and there is no scientific manner to even turn out that it exists. I asked a few friends of mine, who are spiritual, why they believe in a God. The first that I asked hemmed and hawed and when I eventually had to endanger him to ptyalize out an reply, he said, ? I don? T know. ? The following individual I asked answered a little more intelligently by stating, ? I merely wear? t believe that we all came here without any Godhead aid. I don? t believe in the Big Bang theory, and believing in God fills in a batch of spreads for me. ? None of the people I spoke with tantrum this following class, but I believe that there is one last group of people who pattern faith. These people pattern it because they truly believe in God, and many claim to be able to? experience? him. I am non stating any of these people are right or incorrect, but I can s tate that none of them can turn out there is a God. This belief is non through empirical observation verifiable, nor is it testable. The first group who pattern faith merely because it is the socially expedient thing to make, make non worry about warranting whether or non there is a God. He merely knows that he is expected to demo up in church on Sunday. The 2nd group who believes in faith over the Big Bang theory, or look to religion for replies that Science can non reply yet aren? t any closer. They see two possibilities for how we got here. There is the Big Bang theory, or this God thing. They truly wear? t believe in the Big Bang theory, so that must intend the other alternate, God, must be right. The last group that truly believes in God has no cogent evidence either. They say, ? I feel God with me! ? How do they know that it is in fact God that they are experiencing. Possibly their tiffin didn? T set good with them. They feel something, wear? T know precisely what it is, and c ome to presume that it is God. 2.This following illustration of an unscientific system is one that is no longer adept, but it is a perfect illustration of the ignorance of worlds and their willingness to encompass anything that will do them experience superior. Back in Mid evil times, people would fire adult females at the interest who had different thoughts so the social norm. They would name these adult females enchantresss. How does one turn out another a enchantress? In this clip period, any adult female found believing otherwise from society, would be branded a enchantress and burned at the interest. By these criterions how many adult female today would be enchantresss. I think far more so I can conceive of. It is amusing, about amusing seeking to conceive of the mentality of the people who did these things long ago. I can merely see person thought, ? Ok, so, she? s non like me, she? s non like everyone else? .so, that must do her different. Ok, so if she? s different from me, and I? m normal, what could she be. She must be a Enchantress! ! ! ! ? Once once more there is no empirical grounds turn outing her a enchantress, and there is no manner they could turn out her a enchantress. Some tried to turn out it by making trials, like throwing the? enchantress? into a lake and if she doesn? t attempt to swim she isn? t a enchantress, and if she tries to swim to remain alive, she is a enchantress. It is downright screaming. There is no existent manner to prove if she is a enchantress. This was merely societies really unscientific system of weeding out people who did non suit their norms.